The small but bloody rule of the Bavarian Soviet Republic was still over, and the city was coming back to normal. The 17 -year -old, named Verner Carl Hygenberg, was reading Plato’s ideas about Matter’s smallest units: Greek philosopher thought that all cases were made of small rights The triangle, which is combined to create more complex shapes. It seemed completely nonsense until the 20th century, but the idea that the smallest units of nature could be reduced into mathematical forms, captured the young Hyzenberg.
At this time, physics was exciting science, in which every discovery was opening new frontiers. Even World War 1 could not reduce the feeling among physicists that they were living in the era of discovery, where the old truth was flowing, and there was a new understanding of the world.
Albert Einstein published his principle of general relativity in 1915. In May 1919, Frank Watson Dyson and Arthur Edgington conducted a successful observation test of the general principle of relativity.
For Hyzenberg, it seemed that the mathematics was the key to unlocking the secrets of the atom. He had eaten a mathematical account of Harman Wayle’s 1918 text location, time, substance, relativity of Einstein. He later wrote in his autobiography, “The difficult mathematical arguments and abstraction excited me and encouraged me and bothering me, and in addition, confirmed me in my earlier decision to study mathematics at the University of Munich.”
Given this interest, a young student’s father, August Hygenberg, a professor of Greek with extensive contacts within Academia, arranged to meet Mathematician Ferdinand von Lindman for his son. The moment Von Lindman heard that Hijenberg was fascinated by the book of Weel, he closed the conversation, saying: “In that case you are completely lost from mathematics”.
Lindman’s rejection could be the best thing that could have been, as Hygenberg’s father arranged a meeting with Arnold Smarfeld next time, a person who would go down as one of the great masters of physicists in history, which serves as a research advisor, not less than seven Nobel Prize winners.
Hyzenberg and Smarfeld hit it immediately.
And so, in 1922, when Niels Bohar visited the small German city of Gotingen to give a series of lectures, Somarfeld, who was invited, asked Heisenberg if he wanted to go with him.
Danish physicist Bohar had already released his model of Atom, by this time, by this time. His model was first inspired by a theory by Max Planck in 1900: that energy is emitted or absorbed as a discrepant packet rather than continuity.
Planck obtained these packets from Latin for “how much”.
Links connecting the idea of Quanta, Bohar and Hygenberg form the story of quantum mechanics. Which in turn will change our world, enter the age of electronics.
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Back to lecture in Gettingen, on the third thing, Hygenberg raised a question to Bohr. Impressed, Bohar went to him after talk and asked if he wants to join him for a trek for a nearby Han Mountain. At the end of the walk, Bohar said: “You have to pay a trip in Copenhagen; maybe you can stay with us for a word, and we can do some physics together.”
Hygenberg visited Bohar after two years, and both engaged in a deep discussion about the challenges faced by the nuclear theory. In philosophical and physical aspects of quantum theory, Bohr’s insight had a profound impact on the young man.
Hyzenberg, now a Physics Bachelor of Physics in Gotingen, returned home in the winter of 1924, and began working on the mathematical representation of the line intensity of the hydrogen spectrum. Think about the spectrum as a type of ISBN barcode that atoms are emitted when they are subject to energy. After following mathematics through many blind streets, he decided to ignore such concepts as electron classes, and simply focused on whether the observation was worth observing.
Gotingen was a beautiful city, which had greenery and gardens everywhere. For Hyzenberg, summer flowers made an attack of grass fever so intense that he ran to the merciless island in Heligoland. There, away from the Madling crowd, they completed work on their model.
In 1925, he was sitting on a roof from the day for about six years, who reads Timius, Wirener Hygenberg found that the model he developed would explain the behavior of atomic spectra not only for hydrogen, but also for all elements. He was 23 years old.
Their models have shown that, at sub -minus levels, was not the same as a B multiplied by B. In other words, a foundation stone of classical mathematics, commutation did not come true.
It prepared the basis for the potential interpretation of quantum theory – which is a remarkable and revolutionary idea that, at this immense level of this case, physical reality is defined by possibilities rather than fixed, estimated results.
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Hyzenberg returned to Gettingen, where he gave Max Born a copy of his proposed paper, which was at the University of Gettingen near Somarfeld Munich.
Born immediately recognized the importance of Hygenberg’s model, and worked with her and fellow physicist Pascal Jordan to refine the work.
Hygenberg’s paper, titled Kinametic and Mechanical Relations on Quantum-Audible Revision, was published in 1925 in Zeitschrift Für Physics (Journal for Physics). Quantum mechanics entered the popular Lexicon.
Four months later, Irwin Shroudinger published his famous equation, in which electrons were described as wave tasks. The mathematical work of the schrodinger was able to create the same predictions as the model of heisenberg, which represented the behavior of electrons separately but equivalent.
For Einstein, the model of Hygenberg was harassing both a physics and a philosophical approach. He further followed the mathematical model, and with Boris Podolski and Nathan Rosen, presented a paper that indicated that the quantum mechanics was incomplete. He disputed the idea that the world went on possibilities, famously saying: “(God) does not play dice.”
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Meanwhile, Hygenberg continued his work. In 1927, he refined and presented his “uncertainty theory”, which essentially states that it is impossible to correctly determine both the position and speed of a sub -quantity particle.
By 1932, the 30 -year -old won the Nobel Prize in Physics.
The following year, Adolf Hitler came to power.
The Nazis hated quantum physics. He called it “Jewish Science”, because many of its major lights were Jews. Hygenberg achieved the goal of an organized campaign.
Das Schwarz Coreps, the official newspaper of Henrik Himmler’s Schutzstafel or SS, condemned him as a “white Jew” (a Jew acting like a Jew), and said that he should be made to disappear.
This physicist’s mother, Annie Hygenberg, Himler’s mother, from Anna Maria Himler, will take a trip to smooth things. In 1938, Himler sent a letter saying that Hygenberg was a useful assets, and warned the physicist to “avoid politics” by his fellow scientists.
During the lukewarm time, Hygenberg met Elizabeth Schumacar, daughter of a senior professor of economics in Berlin and married (and EF Shumakar’s sister, German-Bitish Economist and the author of the seminal “eco-bubble” small.)
Hygenberg visited the US in 1939, but denied a proposal to stay there. He returned to Germany, where he became part of the German nuclear weapon program. At the end of the war, he was evacuated by the Allies in Britain. It was from there that he had seen with stunning, destructive abilities of the atomic bomb, along with the rest of the world.
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Hygenberg remains an attractive man in the 20th century science. Appropriately, there is uncertainty about it. He was a close friend with the Jews, expressing contempt for the Nazis, and yet worked for him. He was a talented composer, a pianist who loved Mozart and Bakh, but when it came to take a stand, it became tone.
He was never a member of the Nazi party, but he did not leave Germany before the war, as many of his counterparts. Nor did he move to America under the operation paperclip of the country, an intelligence program that took German scientists, engineers and technicians to the United States after World War 2, which aims to take advantage of his knowledge for military and industrial objectives. Instead, Hygenberg returned to Gettingen as soon as possible, and began to promote scientific research in Germany.
This ambiguity – perhaps suitable, uncertainty – has made its heritage a complex. This is the reason that Walter White, the teacher replaced the drug dealer and the hero of the series braking bed, adopted the name Hygenberg. This is why the atomic bomb is called the Hyzenberg device in the TV optimization of The Man in the High Castle of Philip’s dick. It is an inspiration for Michael Frente’s Tony Award winning Play Copenhagen, which is the center to meet his old patron, Niels Bohar on a trip to Hijenberg’s nominated city in 1941.
Today, for most of us, quantum mechanics say uncertainty principle, keeping the shrodenger and its cats in the box, and there are vaguely remembered formulas. The popular enthusiasm around the atom spread with Hiroshima. But practical quantum mechanics are around us, running our cameras, GPS systems and latest computers. Click here To see how Hygenberg’s work has shaped our world.
(With input from Paul Ramesh Thangraj, Assistant Faculty at Indian Institute of Technology (IIT-M))
