The Israeli government approved a cease-fire deal with Hamas early Saturday that calls for the release of dozens of hostages and hundreds of Palestinian prisoners after hours of deliberations, setting up a reprieve in the 15-month, devastating war in the Gaza Strip.

The Israeli prime minister’s office, which announced the agreement after the full cabinet voted, said the deal would go into effect on Sunday.

Palestinians have celebrated the provisional cease-fire with the hope that it will finally end the conflict and Israelis are anxiously awaiting the return of scores of captives abducted by Hamas.

Daniel Lifshitz, whose grandfather Oded, 84, was among the 250 captives taken in the Hamas-led attack on Israel on Oct. 7, 2023, said, “The stomach is turning, and the heart is poured out on the floor, but it’s what we’ve been waiting for.”

The initial attack killed about 1,200 people, setting off a wave of bombardments by Israel that has killed over 46,000 Palestinians, according to Gazan health officials, who do not distinguish between combatants and civilians.

The vote on Saturday was the second and final one required to approve the cease-fire and hostage release agreement. Hours earlier on Friday, the security cabinet voted to approve it, overcoming a key hurdle to enacting a deal that U.S. and other diplomats see as the best chance to end the war. Hamas had said that there were no longer any barriers to the agreement.

President Isaac Herzog of Israel, who holds a largely ceremonial role, had hailed the security cabinet’s vote, although he acknowledged the difficulties ahead in enacting the agreement. “I harbor no illusions — the deal will bring with it great challenges and painful, agonizing moments,” he said in a statement.

Under the agreement, both sides would begin a six-week truce, during which Israeli forces would withdraw eastward, away from populated areas. Hamas would free 33 of the hostages still in captivity, mostly women and older people.

Mr. Lifshitz’s grandfather is among the hostages set to be released in the deal’s initial phase, but the family has no information about his well-being or whether he is still alive. “Preparing for a festivity and a funeral simultaneously is impossible,” he said.

Israel would also release hundreds of Palestinian prisoners, including some serving long sentences for attacks on Israelis. On Friday evening, the Israeli government released a list of 95 Palestinian prisoners that it said would be among the first to be released on Sunday, including Khalida Jarrar, a prominent lawmaker in the Israeli-occupied West Bank.

The cease-fire agreement passed with 24 ministers voting in favor and eight ministers opposed, according to an Israeli official who spoke on condition of anonymity. Most of the ministers who voted against the deal belong to two far-right parties that had denounced the deal, the official said.

The truce would be the first since November 2023, when 105 hostages were freed in a weeklong cease-fire in exchange for 240 Palestinian prisoners.

A host of questions has shadowed the celebrations among relatives of hostages, Gazans desperate for the war to stop and diplomats who have struggled for months to broker a truce. What happens after the first phase of the cease-fire deal, set to last 42 days, is unclear, including whether Israel intends to pursue a second phase of the deal and an enduring cease-fire in Gaza, allowing the remaining hostages to return home.

“I’ll be the happiest man alive to see any one of the hostages return, but there’s also immense worry over the second phase,” said Doron Zexer, a prominent activist for the release of an Israeli-American hostage, Edan Alexander.

As the full cabinet met on Friday, at the beginning of the Sabbath, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel was facing an internal rebellion from far-right partners whom he depends on to hold together his governing coalition.

On Thursday night, one such partner, the hard-line national security minister, Itamar Ben-Gvir, announced he would resign from the coalition if the cabinet approved the cease-fire deal. The finance minister, Bezalel Smotrich, has also threatened to quit the government if Mr. Netanyahu proceeds from a first phase of the cease-fire to a permanent one.

Their moves would not, on their own, prevent the initial phase of the Gaza deal from moving ahead. But they would create more uncertainty about Israel’s commitment to a cease-fire in the long term, as hard-line members of the government push for Israel’s military to resume the war and seek Hamas’s destruction.

Also unclear is a plan for postwar Gaza, despite the optimistic assertions of departing officials in the Biden administration. The U.S. secretary of state, Antony J. Blinken, told reporters on Thursday that the cease-fire was “a moment of historic possibility for the region,” creating opportunities for lasting peace, Gaza’s reconstruction, “a credible pathway to a Palestinian state” and normalized relations between Israel and Saudi Arabia.

But while President Biden said on Thursday that he had pushed Mr. Netanyahu to accommodate Palestinian concerns, the Israeli prime minister has consistently rebuffed U.S. calls to work toward an eventual Palestinian state.

“He has to find a way to accommodate the legitimate concerns” of Palestinians, Mr. Biden said in an interview with MSNBC on Thursday. He called Mr. Netanyahu a friend but added, “We don’t agree a whole lot lately.”

Even after negotiators announced a cease-fire deal, deadly Israeli airstrikes continued in Gaza. The Israeli military said on Thursday that it had struck about 50 targets across the territory over the previous day, while Gazan officials reported dozens of people killed.

“The cease-fire feels meaningless,” said Ahmad al-Mashharwi, who was sheltering with more than a dozen relatives in a rented house in Gaza City, in a phone interview on Friday. “Artillery and airstrikes continue around us, especially in northern Gaza.”

He said that conditions in northern Gaza were dire, with prices soaring and basic goods in short supply.

“We can’t afford food or clean water, and my children are going hungry,” Mr. al-Mashharwi said. “We’ve been stripped of everything — there’s no safety, no resources, nothing to help us survive.”

The cease-fire is supposed to pave the way for more humanitarian aid to reach Gaza. The World Health Organization said on Friday that it hoped aid deliveries would accelerate sharply to between 500 and 600 trucks daily from 40 to 50 a day in recent months, and allow the first steps toward restoring health services after more than a year of war.

“We will see if the political will is there and impediments are taken out and routes are opening up,” Dr. Rik Peeperkorn, the W.H.O. representative for Palestinian territories, told reporters on Friday.

Hundreds of aid trucks carrying food, tents and other supplies were already lined up in Arish, close to the Rafah crossing with Egypt, according to Al Qahera News, an Egyptian state-owned TV channel.

Aid workers also hope that the cease-fire would allow for far more medical evacuations. The W.H.O. reported that Israel had approved the evacuation of 5,405 patients since the start of the war. But the pace of evacuations slowed to a trickle after Israel closed the Rafah crossing in May. Of 1,200 patients the W.H.O. said it applied for approval to evacuate over a one-month period in late 2024, Israel accepted the movement of only 29.

It is now looking to restart once-regular transfers to hospitals in East Jerusalem and Egypt, as well as access to hospitals overseas.

“This is not a logistical problem,” James Elder, a spokesman for the U.N. children’s agency, told reporters. “It’s a problem of intent.”

Nick Cumming-Bruce contributed reporting from Geneva.

Chrystia Freeland, Canada’s former deputy prime minister, whose sudden resignation in December helped set the stage for Prime Minister Justin Trudeau’s decision to step down, said on Friday that she was running to replace him.

She posted her announcement on X with a six-word sentence: “I’m running to fight for Canada.”

Ms. Freeland, 56, once a close ally of Mr. Trudeau who was often called his “minister of everything,” had served as deputy prime minister since 2019, and had long been viewed as a possible successor.

But the two had a bitter rift when Mr. Trudeau moved to demote her over a Zoom call in December, offering her a minister-without-portfolio role. Instead, she opted to resign and delivered a strong rebuke of Mr. Trudeau’s leadership as Canada prepares to deal with President-elect Donald J. Trump. Mr. Trump has threatened to apply a tariff on Canadian exports to the United States.

Her stinging departure destabilized Mr. Trudeau’s shaky grip on power. Three weeks later, on Jan. 6, he announced he would step down as Liberal Party leader and as prime minister once a new leader was in place.

Candidates for the leadership post will campaign ahead of a national vote among party members in March. The new Liberal Party leader will also become Prime Minister of Canada and lead the party in a general election expected to take place in the spring.

Ms. Freeland said she would officially launch her campaign in person on Sunday, which could take place in Toronto, the electoral district she represents in Parliament. She will face a stiff challenge persuading Canadians that she is the candidate best suited to take on the Conservative Party and its leader, Pierre Poilievre.

The Conservatives, who have a 25 percentage point lead over the Liberals in polls, have sought to portray Ms. Freeland as part of the problem given her once-close relationship with Mr. Trudeau and her key role in his governments since 2015, when he first became prime minister.

Mr. Trudeau’s popularity has nose dived in recent years as Canadians have become increasingly frustrated with persistently high cost-of-living on everything from housing to grocery bills.

Many Canadians have also started pushing back against the government’s immigration policy, which has resulted in 2.3 million people arriving in the country in the past two years. While the government said migrants were necessary to help fill gaps in low-skilled jobs, many Canadians say the new arrivals have contributed to rising housing costs and strains on the public health care system.

Ms. Freeland had accused Mr. Trudeau of engaging in political gimmickry after her ministry clashed with his office about a temporary sales-tax break during the end-of-year holidays.

The government estimated that the tax break, which covered items like restaurant bills and some toys and clothing, would cost about 1.6 billion Canadian dollars, or $1.1 billion, which Ms. Freeland said that Canada could “ill afford” at a time when Mr. Trump is raising the specter of tariffs.

“We need to take that threat extremely seriously,” Ms. Freeland said in her resignation letter. “That means keeping our fiscal powder dry today, so we have the reserves we may need for a coming tariff war.”

Ms. Freeland was born and raised in Alberta and is of Ukrainian ancestry. She has been a staunch supporter of Ukraine on the global stage, denouncing Russia’s invasion.

She attended Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar, and worked as a journalist and newsroom leader at a number of news organizations, including the Financial Times and Reuters, before joining the Liberal Party in 2013. She is married to a reporter on the Culture desk of The New York Times and has three children.

During Mr. Trump’s first term, Ms. Freeland steered Canada’s renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement with the United States and Mexico, portraying steely confidence during the tense talks with the odd moment of levity. (Ms. Freeland was photographed arriving in Washington in 2018 wearing a white T-shirt that read “Keep Calm and Negotiate NAFTA.”)

But she also angered Mr. Trump during the negotiations and his animosity has apparently not waned.

When Ms. Freeland resigned in December, Mr. Trump posted triumphantly: “Her behavior was totally toxic, and not at all conducive to making deals which are good for the very unhappy citizens of Canada. She will not be missed!!!”

Ms. Freeland, in an opinion piece published on Friday, hinted that Canada would retaliate in “the single largest trade blow the U.S. economy has ever endured.”

As finance minister, she spearheaded popular government programs to reduce the cost of day care for parents and to tackle childhood poverty.

Her announcement on Friday marks the second entry of a top contender in the Liberal Party leadership race. She will face off against Mark Carney, a former head of the central banks in Canada and England, who declared he was running on Thursday.

Mr. Carney is close friends with Ms. Freeland and is the godfather to one of her three children. He was being recruited by Mr. Trudeau’s team to take Ms. Freeland’s place in the government in December, but declined the job.

Since 1988, the hulking presses at Lanex Manufacturing on the edge of Windsor, Ontario, have been stamping out door strikers, folding-seat latches, tailpipe hangers, frame braces and other prosaic bits of metal that make their way into vehicles ranging from Corvettes to Honda minivans.

But, these days, worries about the future permeate the plant as President-elect Donald J. Trump prepares to enter the White House. He has threatened to impose a 25 percent tariff on all goods exported from Canada to the United States. In Windsor, that would ravage its lifeblood: automobiles and everything that goes into them.

“Everybody’s waiting for the next shoe to drop,” Bruce Lane, the president of Lanex, said in its boardroom, whose walls were made of painted concrete blocks. “If Windsor lost its automotive business, Windsor would not survive.”

Few Canadian cities are as acutely aware as Windsor of the integration of the two countries’ economies. The city sits just across the Detroit River from Detroit, and Canada’s maple-leaf flag often flies next to the stars and stripes there. And no industry has been interwoven across the border for as long as auto making.

“These workers here in Windsor are more exposed to trade with the United States than anyone else,” Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said at a steel plant during a recent visit to the city.

Mr. Trump, he added, “is proposing tariffs that would damage not just people here in Windsor but people right across the country and indeed in the United States.”

Windsor’s two major landmarks are shared with Detroit: the $5.7 billion Gordie Howe International Bridge, scheduled to open this year, and the 96-year-old Ambassador Bridge, which carries about $300 million in cross-border trade each day. Of Canada’s $440 billion in annual exports to the United States, only oil and gas generate a larger amount than cars, trucks and auto parts.

But with Canadian officials taking Mr. Trump at his word that he will follow through on his threat of tariffs, Mr. Lane and others in the auto industry are already bracing for the potential fallout.

George Papp is the chief executive of Papp Plastics, whose headquarters sits near the imposing new suspension bridge. He said his U.S. customers, mainly automakers, would simply invoke the terms of contracts he has with them and deduct the cost of tariffs from the amount they pay him.

“Who’s going to take the hit?” Mr. Papp said. “Me, and people like me and companies like mine.”

Flavio Volpe, the president of the Automotive Parts Manufacturer’s Association, a Canadian trade group, estimated that most of his members had single-digit profit margins and that the tariffs Mr. Trump was threatening would be ruinous.

The intertwining of the auto industry across the two countries was cemented in 1965 when Canada and the United States reached an agreement that effectively eliminated the border for the industry. Today, 90 percent of cars and trucks made in Canada are sent to the United States, primarily by train.

At Lanex, small metal parts that few motorists will ever see are forged into shape by upward of 600 tons of pressure by the firm’s presses. Their journeys illustrate how enmeshed the two countries’ auto industries have become.

As a small supplier, Mr. Lane does not deal directly with carmakers but sells his goods through larger parts makers. Seat-locking hooks that Lanex makes for Honda minivans are sent to a plant elsewhere in Ontario, where they are fitted with other parts and then shipped to an assembly line in Alabama that belongs to Honda, a Japanese company. Mr. Lane’s factory has sent parts to Michigan for heat treating, brought them back to Windsor for more machining and then sold them to a U.S. company.

“Windsor is used to going back and forth across the border,” Mr. Lane said. “It’s like just like getting up out of bed in the morning.”

The turmoil from possible tariffs comes at an already difficult time for Canada’s auto business. Many auto-parts manufacturers have yet to see their business return to levels from before the coronavirus pandemic because of lagging car sales. In 2020, Lanex had about 60 employees working on two shifts, but it now has about two dozen employees running a single shift.

The anxiety is particularly acute in Windsor, which had a metropolitan population of roughly 484,000. Aside from cargo trucks rumbling across the Ambassador Bridge, the city’s most obvious automotive symbol is a giant Stellantis factory that produces Chrysler Pacifica minivans as well as Dodge Charger muscle cars.

A city within the city, it employs 4,500 workers, and the company said that it planned to add thousands more.

The European-based Stellantis, aided by billions of dollars in Canadian subsidies, is building a battery plant in a joint venture with the South Korean company LG in Windsor and recently spent 1.89 billion Canadian dollars (about $1.3 billion) to retool its assembly plant to make electric vehicles alongside gasoline-powered ones.

But, like many auto makers, Stellantis is now in a slump as it struggles with the transition to electric vehicles and with competition from China.

James Stewart, the president of the local union that represents Windsor’s Stellantis workers, said he did not believe a large tariff would necessarily deal a fatal blow to Stellantis’s operations in Windsor given how much the company had invested.

But with so much of Windsor’s economic well-being intimately tied to trade with the United States, Mr. Stewart said, tariffs would deal a heavy blow, including the closing of businesses, layoffs and production cuts.

“We’re a suburb of Detroit; we’ve always felt that way,” he said, adding that Windsor seemed to be “under attack and for no reason.”

Throughout Windsor, there is confusion about exactly what Mr. Trump is seeking. He initially characterized tariffs as a way to prod Canada and Mexico into better securing their borders to tamp down the flow of undocumented migrants.

But he also mused about making Canada the 51st state, noting that the United States was heavily invested in Canada’s military defense, and threatened to use economic force annex it. He has also vented about what he describes as the “subsidizing’’ of Canada by the United States, an apparent reference to the U.S. trade deficit with Canada, largely because of oil and gas imports.

The Trudeau government is expected to detail how it would retaliate against any U.S. tariffs on Monday, the day Mr. Trump is to take office.

But Canada’s comparatively small economy makes it difficult for the country to inflict substantial economic harm on the United States, though levies against specific products could hurt individual states. Retaliatory tariffs would also drive up prices in Canada.

Back at the Lanex plant, Mr. Lane said that, by pure coincidence, the company had been embarking on a “secret” manufacturing project that was not related to automobiles and that had unexpectedly become a potential hedge against tariffs. He declined to offer any details to avoid tipping off competitors.

As part of that, three machinists in a corner of the plant were busy fitting parts into a piece of tooling.

As for his auto-parts business, Mr. Lane said that if tariffs were applied and remained in place for an extended period, he would be reluctantly prepared to move his business to the United States — a move that would most likely leave most of this current employees jobless.

Mr. Papp, the plastics-company owner, said that even though he would oppose tariffs, which would hurt his business, he was a fan of Mr. Trump and understood why the president-elect had argued that tariffs were needed to help rebuild industry in the United States.

Regardless of what happens, Mr. Papp said, Canada and the United States will always remain unshakable allies.

“You can’t separate our countries,” he said. “They’re bolted together.”

President Masoud Pezeshkian of Iran and his Russian counterpart, Vladimir V. Putin, signed a major cooperation treaty on Friday in the Kremlin, solidifying an alliance between two countries driven by mutual desire to challenge the West.

The treaty was the latest Russia has signed with a country that is engaged in a conflict with Western states since Moscow invaded Ukraine almost three years ago, and represents an effort to improve its global standing before the start of the second Trump presidency.

Iran and Russia have been subjected to numerous sanctions by the West, and trade and finance are at the forefront of the treaty signed Friday.

The published agreement covers military issues and specifies that in case either Iran or Russia are attacked, the treaty signatories would not give any military or other aid to the aggressor that “would facilitate the continuation of the aggression.”

But in contrast to the accords that Moscow has signed with other allies, the deal with Iran stops short of including a mutual defense clause, according to Iran’s ambassador to Moscow.

“Our country’s independence and security, as well as self-reliance, are very important,” Kazem Jalali, told IRNA, an Iranian news agency, according to TASS. “We are not interested in joining any bloc.”

Speaking in the Kremlin ahead of the meeting, Mr. Putin called Mr. Pezeshkian’s visit “especially important” and said the signed agreement was “big, basic, comprehensive.”

Iranian leaders have portrayed the trip as more than just a state visit, saying it represented a strategic turning point.

“This treaty is not only a key turning point that strengthens our bilateral ties,” wrote Iran’s foreign minister, Abbas Araghchi, on the social media network Telegram. He added, “This is not just a political agreement, it’s the road map to the future.”

Dmitri S. Peskov, the Kremlin’s spokesman, said that the timing of the treaty’s signing was not meant to divert attention from Mr. Trump’s inauguration on Monday, and Mr. Araghchi told state television in Iran that it had been scheduled months ago.

Since the invasion of Ukraine nearly three years ago, Moscow and Tehran have been growing closer. Iran has sent short-range ballistic missiles and drones to Russia, according to U.S. and European officials, to aid the Kremlin’s war effort. Iran has denied it is providing weapons to Moscow.

The Kremlin has provided some diplomatic support to Tehran, but has had to balance the relationship with maintaining ties with Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, both of which are opponents of Iran. Both Moscow and Tehran have recently faced a major setback in the region with the fall of Bashar al-Assad’s regime in Syria.

Since the start of the war, Russia has been working to counter what it sees as an aggressive and imperial Western hegemony, led by the United States, by creating and formalizing a series of treaties.

In June, Russia signed a partnership agreement with North Korea, and in December, a security treaty with Belarus formalized the deployment of Russian tactical nuclear weapons in that country. Both treaties included a mutual defense clause.

Russia also leads what is known as the Collective Security Treaty Organization, which includes Belarus and several other former Soviet states including Armenia in the Caucasus, and Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan in Central Asia.

Intended as a counterweight to NATO, the organization is based on a principle that an attack against one member should be perceived as an attack against all. The alliance has been challenged recently with Armenia effectively freezing its membership.

For its part, Iran is facing a cascade of challenges at home and in the region, with its militant allies weakened and its economy in shambles because of sanctions. The return of Mr. Trump as U.S. president will most likely bring more pressure and efforts by Washington to isolate Iran.

Apart from defense issues, Russia has been working with Iran and other countries to develop an alternative to the Western-led Swift, a global messaging service that connects more than 11,000 financial institutions and allows them to alert one another about pending transactions.

Moscow also hopes to build a railway through Iran that would connect Russia directly with ports on the Persian Gulf. Mr. Araghchi said that the deal signed on Friday would allow Iran to serve as a passageway for Russian gas exports through its network of pipelines, bringing gas from the Caspian Sea to the shores of the Persian Gulf. It means, he said, that Iran is “becoming a major hub for gas exports.”

Mr. Jalali, the ambassador to Russia, told Iranian media that the leaders of Russia and Iran realized that an older agreement between the two countries was outdated and did not reflect the realities of the current world and regional order.

The new accord, he said, “takes into consideration every aspect of our bilateral relations including our political posturing. How do we view power and how do we move forward together.”